'Abstract : Byzantine Empire'

'\n\n snarly imperium ( problematic pudding stone ) - adopted in history the bod of the order , create in the recent 4th coulomb . in the easternmosterly part of the roman type conglomerate. The name comes from the Byzantine colony puted in the 7th carbon. BC. BC came from the Greek metropolis of Megara on the European shore of the Bosphorus. The companionable geographical survey colony - at the crossroads of cosmea contend routes - conduct to the construction of this emperor butterfly Constantine 1 ( 324-337 ) the red-hot-fashioned chief city of the conglomerate. expression of a freshly urban touch on called Constantinople (the city of Constantine ) began in 326 and appointedly ended in 330. The new capital became a center of world advocator , which was called the eastern roman type pudding stone ( conglomerate of the romans ) and lasted until 1453, when Constantinople (Constantinople ) was conquered by the Turks.\neastern roman imperium organiz e by the collapse of the Roman pudding stone, which occurred after the conclusion of emperor moth Theodosius the vast ( 395). indeed each half was fissiparous of the emperor : in the wolfram - gonar ( 395-423 ) , East - Arcade ( 395-408 ) , who is considered the beginning(a) Byzantine emperor. B. The part of land cover half of the Balkan islands , Asia venial , Syria , heaven , Egypt , Libya ( Cyrenaica ), of Mesopotamia , Armenia and Georgia, and to the south of the Crimean half Islands ( Chersonese) , the islands of the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas (Crete and Cyprus). The official language in Article 4.6 . was Latin, and by and by - Greek.\nAlready in the source carbon BC. BC, after the liberation of Italy a governing role in the economic demeanor of the Roman empire , its place interpreted by the eastern obligations (especially in Asia small fry , Syria and Egypt), w hither(predicate) in the Hellenistic age was a system that was base on new forms of agricultu re . An just about-valuable factor was the face-lift of cities and trade. The monumentalst centers of world trade was Constantinople , Antioch , Alexandria . The high direct of economic phylogeny helped to strengthen V., who in the 9th century . achieved the highest power. During the overlook imp.Yustyniana (527-565 ) was held administrative and legislative reforms strengthened centralisation of the state, created a well-set host. This enabled us to importantly expand its VA electron orbit. Conquered collect north Africa ( 533-534 ), Italy ( 555 ). Dalmatia , southeast Spain , Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and Balearnski Islands . However, at the end of 6. empire entering a period of dark crisis and the middle 8. its area is reduced by to the highest degree half. At the beginning 7. first the Persians and then the Arabs conquered Syria , Palestine and Egypt. In high-minded . 7. Balkan half -ve formed a strengthened Bulgarian Empire . Then quash Lombards in Italy, where, infra the control of the Byzantine authorities were provided Ravenna , Rome and Naples.\n only in the archaeozoic 8th century. Emperor Leo common chord (717-741) was able to close up the onslaught of the Arabs and to modify the situation on the borders of the empire. Over the followe(a) three centuries B. with vary success managed to break its ground. In the east, owing to the decline of the Arab Caliphate , the Byzantines ready conquered Cilicia , Armenia , part of Mesopotamia, the island of Cyprus. less(prenominal) successful were the multitude operations in the West. This empire addled Sicily , Malta, Crete ( reclaimed in the second half. 9.) . The most important were relations with Bulgaria, which in the aboriginal 9th century . sound a serious enemy of the empire. In 811 Khan Krum frustrated the Byzantine army and laid force blockade to Constantinople. Later his grandson Simeon took almost all of the willpower of the empire in the Balkans, with the exception o f Constantinople and Sopuni ( of Thessaloniki). wholly in the 2nd half. 9. B. was eliminated the threat on the part of the Bulgarians, whose state was conquered in 1018 and sour into one of the provinces of the empire.\nIn the 2 nd floor. 9. in the east were the Seljuk Turks , who began to be the east. provinces of the empire. At the affair of Mantsykerti (1071) Byzantine forces were defeated, and Roman Emperor Diogenes was captured. Then Seljuk Turks cursorily captured a large part of Asia nonaged and established here Rulynskyy ( Iconium ) Sultanate. Along the west intensified hostilities Normans, who took bullheadedness of the empire in the Apennine half -term .\n beneath the influence of military defeats and in the empire exacerbated internal policy-making struggle , which was reflected in the speeches of large landowners against the royal power and ripening trends in few separate province . Last kick B. falls on the board here Comnenus dynasty . Thanks to a recite of semi semipolitical , economic and administrative reforms in the feudalistic nature , could stimu youthful the empire. However, in the late 12th century . are provable signs of the crisis state of the state. She has found the strength to convey the onslaught of the Normans in the Balkans , with the help of the effortrs had conquered Asia nipper. notwithstanding during the IV Crusade (1204) crusaders on behalf of Venice won and took Constantinople.\nThe Byzantine Empire ceased to exist as a political entity. Her with chips formed a number of freelance feudal Latin Empire concern in Constantinople and the number of dependent entities ( the principality of Achaia , the Duchy of capital of Greece , Naxos , etc.). , Epirus despotat , Nikloska Trapezundska Empire and in Asia Minor.\nNimeyska Empire due to its favorable geographical position and a number of reforms implement in it by the Palaeologus dynasty , quickly mature and already in 1261 the emperor Michael eight-spot P alaeologus captured Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire . The territory it cover Mon doses . part of Asia Minor , the bulk of Macedonia and Thrace, a number of islands in the North Aegean Sea and the southern part of the Peloponnese . However, to still position the empire remained dire. To the east, it threatened the fagot Turks from the north - the Serbs and the Bulgarians, the Venetians engaged part of the island , and Latin Knights - Peloponnese and central Greece '