The Global Financial Crisis Of Australia Essay - 1834 Words

Introduction The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) was the the deepest recession after the World War II economy recession. Australia emerged as the least affected by GFC as compared to other developed economies of the world. After the quarter with negative growth, the march quarter 2009 (0.4% GDP growth), suggested that Australia was able to escape from the world-wide recession. This article looks at each of these three different factors responsible for relatively strong performance of the Australian economy over this period and will examine their role that each may have played. Firstly, the fiscal stimulus policies adopted by Federal Government: secondly, timely policy responses to the effects of the global financial crisis by Reserve Bank of Australia and thirdly, the Australian economy trades significantly with Asia and in particular, China, and how the economy was beneficial from Chinese growth in the global slowdown. (the performance of our major trading partners, particularly China.) Australia emerged as the least affected economy by GFC: Role played by each factor Australia was able to maintain continuously impressive GDP growth as compared to other developed countries since the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) began in 2007. Australia survived from recession by attaining 1% positive growth in the 2008-2009 financial year where many countries of OECD were in recession. Federal Government During the crisis, Australia s financial system was properly structured andShow MoreRelatedThe Term Global Financial Crisis (Gfc) Refers To The Financial1745 Words   |  7 PagesThe term Global Financial Crisis (GFC) refers to the financial crisis of 2008-2009 that, according to leading economists, is the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression (Eigner, 2015). The crisis began in 2007 due to a mortgage market failure in the United States and in the following year, with the collapse of the Lehman Brothers investment bank, advanced into an international banking crisis, which then developed into a global economic crisis, The Great Recession (Williams, 2010). ThisRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis And Its Effect On Australian Retails Markets1214 Words   |  5 PagesThe Report gives the insight of Global Financial crisis and its effect on Australian Retails Markets and Supermarkets. Particular the Impact of GFC on the one of the second largest leading independent supermarket, FOODWORKS during the period of 2007-2009 and examines the impact of the Global Financial crisis on the performance of the company. The global financial crisis brought with it very many challenges. Some were controllable while others were uncontrollable. Foodworks being the secondRead MoreMacro Environment Analysis1011 Words   |  5 Pages Political Legal Australia government help established trade policies to protect local clothing industries from imported good through high tariffs, quotas, and subsidies. According to Jayanthakumaran (2001), the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) have planned to remove the protection on Textiles, Clothing and Footwear (TCF) industries in Australia. Regarding the intense competitions over TCF industries globally, Australia and western industries didRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis : Its Causes And The Global Responses Essay1592 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment topic: Global financial crisis: its cause and the global responses Introduction The global financial crisis or economy crisis is commonly believed to have begun in July 2007 with credit crunch, when a loss of confidence by the US investors in the value of sub-prime mortgages caused a liquidity crisis. On the other hand, due to the big changes that took place over the last 20 to 30 years in the worldwide economy and the influence of 2007 financial crisis, it has re-emerged as one of theRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis ( Gfc ) Affect On Coca Cola Company1477 Words   |  6 PagesHow Global Financial Crisis (GFC) affect on Coca-Cola Company and how the Coca-Cola Company used it to regulate that problem? The Coca-Cola organization is thought to be the world number one non-mixed refreshments organization, driving in assembling, advertising and circulation of its item. However, the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), influences all parts of the change procedure in the Coca-Cola company. The financial environment affects the way the materials are handled as well, going down to affectingRead MoreThe Global Financial Crisis ( Gfc )1087 Words   |  5 PagesThe Global Financial Crisis (GFC) began in July 2007 in the United States (US) following the decline in the countries already poor credit ratings and the subsequent collapse of the US housing market and prominent investment bank Lehman Brothers which sent a wave of fear around global economies including Australia and resulted in the largest drop in global economic activity in the modern era. (W. McKibbin, A.Stoeckel, 2009, pg 1). During the years before the crisis there was a significant increaseRead MoreAustralia s Financial Stability With Inflation Under Control1548 Words   |  7 Pagesdebt and a solid financial system as a result of years of structure and policy reforms, Australia today has one of the strongest and largest mixed market economy in the world. Since the early 1980s, successive governments have deregulated financial and labour markets and reduced trade barriers making Australia one of the Asia–Pacific’s wealthiest nations who has enjoyed more than two decades of economic expansion. Although Australia managed to emerge from the global financial crisis relatively unscathedRead MoreInfluence of a Countrys Political Forces on Potential Investors: Sofitel Gold Coast Broadbeach Case Study1254 Words   |  5 Pagescountries political situation can significantly influence investors that intend to do business in these countries. In the case of the political environment in Australia, investors that want to address the countrys accommodation sector must focus on the visa regime and carbon tax. Tourists that are not from New Zealand and want to visit Australia are required to have a visa. The visa must be obtained before arriving to the country. There are several types of visas provided by the Australian governmentRead MoreThe Fiscal Monetary Policy Of Australia1566 Words   |  7 Pagesof Australia Background The global financial crisis (GFC) is begun with the collapse of Lehman Brothers in Sep. 2008, when a loss of confidence in stock investors of the value of sub-prime mortgages caused a liquidity crisis, resulting the global central banks injecting a large amount of capital into the financial markets and consumers confidence hit the bottom, according to McKibbin, W.J. (2009, p.1). The second phase of GFC stepped after the US bank crisis has evolved into the euro crisis, whichRead MoreGross Domestic Product Of Australia1673 Words   |  7 Pages AUSTRALIAN ECONOMY GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT As per Australian Bureau of Statistics, Gross domestic product of Australia is 1560.60 USD, with annual growth rate of 2.50 percent. Services sector dominates the total GDP of the economy (65 percent of total GDP). Though service sector is dominant yet major contribution to economy’s success in recent years came from mining sector (13.5 percent of GDP). Some other sectors which have contributed towards the success of Australian economy are manufacturing

The Taj Mahal Palace and Power Hotel in Mumbai - 1755 Words

Organisation Background Incorporated by Mr. Jamsetji N. Tata (founder of the Taj Group), The Taj Mahal Palace and Tower, Mumbai was opened in 1903 as the first hotel by the Taj Group and representative of India’s rich heritage. It is a flagship hotel of Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces which is a part of The Indian Hotels Company (IHCL) and contains 560 rooms and 44 suits. Situated adjacent to the landmark, Gateway of India at water’s edge, the hotel offers east access to numerous local tourist destinations and official agenices.For more than a century, the Taj has taken the position of inherent landmark in the city and take pride in its rich clientele consisting of royal families, Stars form entertainment industries, Political and business dignitaries and so on. It has played an intrinsic role in being a social epicentre of the city. The hotel has been constantly ranked as one of the best hotel properties in the world for business and luxury by various hotel and tourism organizations including Conde Nast Traveler USA Gold List. Issue with the organisation On 26 November 2008, in a series of terrorist attacks in Mumbai, the hotel was attacked. Material damages occurred in millions of dollars as a result of damaged roof of the building and destruction of many antiques and heritage property. The attack lasted for over 60 hours injuring 350+ and killing around 167 people including many foreigners. The Hotel having high brand value had some 1000+ guests at the hotel on theShow MoreRelatedPorter s Five Forces : Case Study Essay2274 Words   |  10 Pagesforces: Case study on Taj hotel Name: Mohammed Sakil Qurashi Student Id: 20151471 Contents Business Environment 1 5.106 1 Taj Groups of Hotels 3 Introduction 3 Outline of the report 3 COMPETITIONS 4 Theory of competition 4 Substitutes 6 Power of Buyers 7 Theory of power of Buyers 7 Power of sellers 8 Conclusion 9 Introduction The Indian hotels company limited (IHCL) and its subsidiaries also known as Taj Group of industries. The Taj group of hotels consider as one ofRead MoreStrategic Advantages Profile of Maruti Suzuki2387 Words   |  10 PagesAssignment Of Management of Services On Service provided by Taj Hotel SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY Lec. Satinder Kumar Gurinder Singh MBA – II yr (SEC – B) Roll No. 5818 Harsimran SinghRead MoreAn Analysis on Taj Group of Hotels3636 Words   |  15 Pagesthis report is to analyze the Taj Group of Hotels through the specific analysis of Taj  (luxury full-service hotels, resorts and palaces), Taj Exotica  , Taj Safaris,  . Vivanta , The Gateway Hotel, Exotica Brand. The Taj Group of Hotels were selected to gain a learning of hotels in India from three different perspectives – that of a fast growing Indian hotel, , that of a formerly strong player trying to adapt to a changing market, and finally, that of an domestic hotel operating in India. The analysisRead MoreAn Analysis on Taj Group of Hotels3620 Words   |  15 Pagesthis report is to analyze the Taj Group of Hotels through the specific analysis of Taj  (luxury full-service hotels, resorts and palaces), Taj Exotica  , Taj Safaris,  . Vivanta , The Gateway Hotel, Exotica Brand. The Taj Group of Hotels were selected to gain a learning of hotels in India from three different perspectives – that of a fast growing Indian hotel, , that of a formerly strong player trying to adapt to a changing market, and finally, that of an domestic hotel operating in India. The analysisRead MoreHotel Industry4982 Words   |  20 PagesBusiness Plan On HOTEL INDUSTRY Submitted to Prof V.K. Sapovadia, Prof Kishor Barad Prof Sharma Shanti Business School, Ahmedabad PGDM Trimester II (Batch 2010-12) Continuous Evaluation in Business Plan Submitted By HEMANT VAGHELA ENROLMENT NUMBER: 1011012005 SR NO. | TOPICS | PAGE NO. | 1 | HISTORY EVOLUTION | 3 | 2 | GROWTH OF INDUSTRY | 4 | 3 | MAJOR MARKET PLAYERS | 5 | 4 | CATEGORY OF PLAYERS | 5 | 5 | ITDC HOTELS | 9 | 6 | HOTEL CORPORATION OF INDIARead MoreMis in Taj Hotels10832 Words   |  44 PagesIndustry Report – Hotel Industry Group - 1 2010 This report presents scenario of MIS in Hotel Industry with main focus on India Hotels Company Limited (IHCL, Taj Group of Hotels) India Hotels Company Limited Oxford House 15/17 N.F. Road Apollo Bunder Mumbai 400 001 India Contact Person - Denzil Barretto denzil.barretto@tajhotels.com (91-22) 6665 1000 (91-22) 2284 6680 / 83 Industry Report – Hotel Industry Table of Contents Group Details ......................................................Read MorePower Of Religion : God Made Us, We Made Gods1437 Words   |  6 PagesMannat Shukla Professor Sonia Gutià ©rrez English 100 July 11 2014 Power of Religion â€Å"GOD MADE US, WE MADE GODS† It was the heat of the summer afternoon that radiated about the Indian temple of Shiva, a Hindu deity. The sheer amount of people running about was amazing but there was something that they all shared. Each one of them carried in their hands, a bag of rich milk that was to beRead MoreTourism in India5630 Words   |  23 PagesCompetitiveness Report 2007ranked tourism in India 6th in terms of price competitiveness and 39th in terms of safety and security.indian grand prix to boost tourism from the year 2011.[8]  Despite short- and medium-term setbacks, such as shortage of hotel rooms,[9]  tourism revenues are expected to surge by 42% from 2007 to 2017.[10]  Tourism in India need to be understood in the global context of competing destinations. It may be thought of as multiple  Indias  with a multitude of competing destinationsRead MoreA Study of Swot Analysis of Ginger Group of Hotels10920 Words   |  44 PagesA Study of SWOT Analysis of Ginger Group of Hotels [pic] (A Project submitted towards the partial fulfilment of the assessment in the subject of Strategic Management) [pic] National Law University Jodhpur CONTENTS |SERIAL NUMBER |CHAPTERS |PAGE NUMBER | | |EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |4 | | Read MoreThe professional Ethics2426 Words   |  10 Pagescorrespondent were present and they had evidence of the murder but the media acted irresponsibly and the police called it an open and shut case. When Mumbai was under terror threat in 26/11 the media acted irresponsibly by telecasting live the long sixty hour operation black tornedo by the security forces to combat the attack at the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel and Nariman House. It included live feed of air dropping NSG Commandos on the rooftop of Nariman House. At times, news channel covers news such as

Comparative Study

Question: Select two different research methods of which 1 must be qualitative and 1 mist be quantitative and compare and contrast them. In addition, provide an example of how they may be applied within the aviation sector. Answer: Introduction This study reflects the case on the aviation industry on the basis of quantitative as well as qualitative methods which can give a detailed investigation regarding the quality as well as skills of the researcher which is essential during the research process. Research Methods: Compare and Contrast The two research methods that are Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research are used by the researchers for presenting their research work in better way. The main goal of Qualitative Research is to deliver detailed and complete description of the relevant research topics. Moreover, it is considered as exploratory in nature. It is used in describing the topics in broader sense so that aim of the research work can be fulfilled. The researcher of any kind focuses on studying the views of the respondents or participants that are involved in the research survey. Furthermore, the qualitative research is text based and requires more in-depth information for analyzing the research work in feasible manner. The qualitative research highly depends on the rigor and skill of the researcher which can be reliable and valid for the research work. According to (Carey, 2012), under qualitative research methods, the information are collected from the small amount of individuals. It helps the resea rcher in making analysis of the acquired information in much easy way. The researcher is involved in presenting and explaining information in the form of image or text. As a result, the reader easily understands the purpose of the research work. On the other hand, the biased and subjective approach is undertaken in qualitative research for the purpose of evaluating or reporting research. The subjective approach in qualitative method helps the researcher in understanding the behavior of the human and also assists in studying the reasons behind such behavior. Apart from that, the graphs are highly considered important in qualitative research as it largely helps in the presentation of research work to the audiences. It is stated by (Green, 2012) that the problem of research is described from the viewpoint of the researcher in more subjective manner. It provides valuable support in designing the structure of the survey and collecting the required information. Further, in order to use qualitative method, the inductive process is used by the researcher for formulating any hypothesis or theory. Therefore, in-depth interviews, focus groups, document reviews, etc are considered for the qualitative research. On the contrary, it is also mentioned by (Industry News, 2012) that no statistical tests are performed in this research method and take in account semi-structured or unstructured response options. Moreover, text-based technique is used to explain the response of the respondent. Due to that, sometimes it leads to ambiguity to the readers. In addition (Jharkharia, 2012) pointed that the researcher deduce the research work as per their own biased view leads to the twist the information gathered. On the other hand, it is also stated that it is highly time consuming and could last for months for collecting the required and relevant information. Apart from that, the other research method that is Quantitative research method. Its major goal is to classify and count features. It is also involved in establishing statistical models for the purpose of explaining that has been observed. Therefore, it is considered as conclusive research type and falls under narrow aspects. On the other hand, (KELLY, 2012) explained that quantitative research delivers a clear picture to the researcher of what to expect in comparison to qualitative research in the particular research. The research is conducted in objective and unbiased manner which helps in presenting true essence of the project to the readers or audiences. Moreover, a deductive process is used in the quantitative research for testing the pre-specified concepts and constructing hypothesis. Furthermore, (McCusker and Gunaydin, 2014) explained that the research problem and need for research direction is justified by undertaking quantitative research method. Therefore, more specific an alysis is done for achieving the goal and fulfilling the research objectives. On the other hand, the information is collected from the large amount of individuals which is further analyzed in the form statistical aspect. Further, the data is interpreted by the researcher by making comparison of results with the past research and prior predictions. Apart from that, (Morgan, 1998) pointed that quantitative research use standard fixed structure for accumulating the statistical data and evaluating the result. Therefore, in order to conduct the quantitative research, online surveys or questionnaires are prepared by the researcher to collect the required information. On the contrary, it is argued by (Tucker, 2012) that quantitative method does not explain the research topic in much depth manner rather it focuses on breadth of the data. Furthermore, in order to gain better advantage from the quantitative research the large sample has to be undertaken otherwise the researcher would not gain more accurate statistical results. However, it would help the researcher in analyzing and measuring the data in better way. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the qualitative as well as the quantitative methods which the organization needs to make a research related to the aviation industry. The case is taken with a point of view to look after the safety as well as the performance which can be seen in human and the various qualities need to be maintained for the purification of the research methodology. Quantitative research methods can be seen in the aviation industry which should have a logical issue with the choice of industry. The aviation environment can be seen as a complex which will include in the cultural as well as the technical grounds with a view to remove the flaws in a way to attempt in the research process (Uziel, 2012). There are various factors which are responsible in case of improving in the safety purpose, one being the metrics which are said to be regulated as well as prudentiated in numerical terms. The second factor is the accurate results which need to be exaggerated by way of complete subjectivity (Velcon Filters expands in aviation with Warner Lewis acquisition, 2012). Positivism is a vital reason for the success of many researches in the wide range of fields which will help in the collection of data to build the relationship stronger in order to achieve the target base. Competing methodologies Epistemology is the concept which actually means that a medium to gather the knowledge which is a branch of philosophy which is needed for the purpose of validation. Positivism can be referred in a way to be effective to completely remove with the prospective of human element in a successful manner (Yadav and Nikraz, 2012). It is difficult to evaluate in subjective terms as because human imposes various emotions and feelings that cannot be judged in terms of monetary which will give rise to societal as well as the personal experience in the entire work sector. Positivism It is a concept which are used in the research methods as because it provides a stable and well as a reality to the objective terms which helps in the interference of human and will lead to enhancing of the human perception as far as aviation industry is concerned(Yeo et al., 2012). It can be noticed that the phenomenon can be observed by means that can be viewed directly or indirectly. Subjective matter cannot be interpreted which can give rise in getting the results in due course of time. Subjectivism This theory actually means that the information regarding the overall experience can be gathered by the human beings personally and there is no word like truth regarding the objectivism related to the conduction of the research process (Aviation Human Factors Related Industry News 1Parts of this section are compiled from Aviation Human Factors Industry News and reproduced with permission of Roger Hughes., 2012). Aviation industry has limited access as far as subjectivism is concerned, rather it focus on the attributes to solve the problem related to the biasness which can be seen in way of personal relationship as well as the relation that can be noticed between a teacher and a student. Social Constructionism This concept lies between the positivism as well as the subjectivism which actually helps in the organization as well as the performance of the human beings in case of the research process. It will help in getting the value of quality design as well as to recognize the methodology for the same. A holistic research has to be recognized in a way that it can have a meaning to the data collection as well as emphasis has to be done on the measurement as well as the explanation procedure. Both formal as well as informal methods are used in order to maintain the first person accounts which will help in the behavioral approach to the data which actually takes place within various alternatives. A well known understanding is required to narrate the descriptive issue in the most effective manner. Conclusion This study actually focuses mainly on the aviation sector and the research has been done on the safety measures on both the qualitative as well as quantitative methods. To achieve the research in the most effective manner, it is important to implement the various attributes like positivism as well as subjectivism which help in the measurement of the various strategies which are required in the aviation sector. Reference List Aviation Human Factors Related Industry News 1Parts of this section are compiled from Aviation Human Factors Industry News and reproduced with permission of Roger Hughes. (2012).Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors, 2(1), pp.42-47. Carey, J. (1993). Linking Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Integrating Cultural Factors into Public Health.Qualitative Health Research, 3(3), pp.298-318. Green, E. (2001). Can Qualitative Research Produce Reliable Quantitative Findings?.Field Methods, 13(1), pp.3-19. Industry News. (2012).Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors, 2(1), pp.38-39. Jharkharia, S. (2012). Supply chain issues in mergers and acquisitions: a case from Indian aviation industry.IJAM, 1(4), p.293. KELLY, R. (1985). Family Policy Analysis: The Need to Integrate Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods.Sociological Methods Research, 13(3), pp.363-386. McCusker, K. and Gunaydin, S. (2014). Research using qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods and choice based on the research.Perfusion. Morgan, D. (1998). Practical Strategies for Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Applications to Health Research.Qualitative Health Research, 8(3), pp.362-376. Tucker, R. (2012). U.S. Aviation Industry Outlook.Metal Finishing, 110(3), pp.8-10. Uziel, D. (2012).Arming the Luftwaffe. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland Co. Velcon Filters expands in aviation with Warner Lewis acquisition. (2012).Filtration Industry Analyst, 2012(5), pp.3-4. Yadav, D. and Nikraz, H. (2012). An insight into professional registration of technical personnel in aeronautical engineering industry.Aviation, 16(2), pp.51-55. Yeo, S., Pan, Y., Lee, Y. and Chang, H. (2012).Computer science and its applications. Dordrecht: Springer.

Li Europan lingues es membres del sam familie. Lor Essays

Li Europan lingues es membres del sam familie. Lor separat existentie es un myth. Por scientie, musica, sport etc, litot Europa usa li sam vocabular. Li lingues differe solmen in li grammatica, li pronunciation e li plu commun vocabules. Omnicos directe al desirabilite de un nov lingua franca: On refusa continuar payar custosi traductores. At solmen va esser necessi far uniform grammatica, pronunciation e plu sommun paroles. Ma quande lingues coalesce, li grammatica del resultant lingue es plu simplic e regulari quam ti del coalescent lingues. Li nov lingua franca va esser plu simplic e regulari quam li existent Europan lingues. It va esser tam simplic quam Occidental in fact, it va esser Occidental. A un Angleso it va semblar un simplificat Angles, quam un skeptic Cambridge amico dit me que Occidental es.Li Europan lingues es membres del sam familie. Lor separat existentie es un myth. Por scientie, musica, sport etc, litot Europa usa li sam vocabular. Li lingues differe solmen in li grammatica, li pronunciation e li plu commun vocabules. Omnicos directe al desirabilite de un nov lingua franca: On refusa continuar payar custosi traductores. At solmen va esser necessi far uniform grammatica, pronunciation e plu sommun paroles.

Critically evaluate how psychological theories Essay Example

Critically evaluate how psychological theories Essay Example Critically evaluate how psychological theories Essay Critically evaluate how psychological theories Essay Psychology has been applied in many different areas of everyday life to try and explain why we behave in the ways that we do. However it is important to note that although psychology does give a broader insight into understanding most human behaviour, it is not possible to have one single conclusive theory. It is more often the case that many different theories can be combined in order to produce a more comprehensive explanation of behaviour. This is true when psychology is used to explain addictive behaviours; there is not one conclusive theory that explains substance addiction and dependence. An addiction is a syndrome involving behaviour and feelings of impaired control (West 2006). Addictive drugs are those whose reinforcing effects are so potent that some people who are exposed to the drugs are unable to go for very long without taking them, and whose lives become organised around taking the drug. Drug dependence is said to occur when the individual continues use of the substance despite significant substance related problems (Davies 1997). This essay will draw together and discuss the various psychological theories, concepts and explanations in order to evaluate how effective these have been in explaining drug addiction and dependence. As with many areas of psychology, problems arise when behaviour needs to be defined. This is particularly true with addiction. How do we know when someone is addicted? Where are the boundaries? Addiction is yet another socially constructed term that is difficult to define because what constitutes an addiction to one person is not addiction to another. In order to understand why it is that addictive behaviours occur, we must first acknowledge that there are two types of dependence. Eddy et al (1965) defined psychological dependence as A feeling of satisfaction and a psychic drive that requires periodic or continuous administration of the drug to produce pleasure or avoid discomfort (cited in Ghodse 1995). This kind of dependence demonstrates an overriding compulsion to take the drug, even when the individual is certain in the knowledge that it is harmful, or when aware of the consequences of possession of the substance (Ghodse 1995). The other type of dependence is physical dependence, also defined by Eddy et al as An adaptive state manifested by intense physical disturbances when the drug is withdrawn. The body becomes so accustomed to the drug and withdrawal symptoms are much more apparent. The unpleasant nature of the withdrawal syndrome can lead to an individual actually increasing the intensity of their drug taking, in order to avoid or relieve this withdrawal discomfort (Ghodse 1990). Psychoactive substances all have very different chemical properties. Not all drugs are obviously addictive. For example, long term, regular use of cannabis leads to tolerance and increasing difficulty stopping despite wishing or attempting to do so. Although the risk of dependence is substantially less than for nicotine or opiates, it is similar to that of alcohol (DiClemente 2003). Heroin addicts often take daily doses that would kill a normal person and experience very unpleasant symptoms if they go cold turkey and try to stop. In these terms, tobacco and cocaine were not obviously addictive, yet it was clear that these were extremely difficult habits to break. (Drugs: dilemmas and choices 2000). This is  where the distinction between physical and psychological dependence emerged. It is possible for a person to be psychologically dependent on a drug, without manifesting any physical dependence on it. However, it is generally accepted that although someone may be physically dependant on a drug, the state of dependence cannot be said to exist without some kind of psychological dependence present (Ghodse 1995). Under the Rational Informed Stable Choice (RISC) model, we do things because we expect them to produce benefits, and we know about and are willing to accept the adverse consequences, whether this is smoking, drinking, or drug taking. For example, a drug user continues to take drugs because it is preferable to the alternative to living without drugs, not necessarily because they cannot stop (West 2006). In other words, the pleasure or escape the addict obtains from a drug is worth whatever the consequences might be. This model is rather simplistic, as its main point is that each individual chooses to keep taking the drug, and does not take into account any biological factors that may or may not be relevant.

Hassium Facts - Hs or Element 108

Hassium Facts - Hs or Element 108 Element atomic number 108 is hassium, which has the element symbol Hs. Hassium is one of the manmade or synthetic radioactive elements. Only about 100 atoms of this element have been produced so there is not a lot of experimental data for it. Properties are predicted based on the behavior of other elements in the same element group. Hassium is expected to be a metallic silver or gray metal at room temperature, much like the element osmium. All of the isotopes of hassium are radioactive. Martin Diebel / Getty Images Here are interesting facts about this rare metal: Discovery:  Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Munzenber and co-workers produced hassium at GSI in Darmstadt, Germany in 1984. The GSI team bombarded a lead-208 target with iron-58 nuclei. However, Russian scientists had attempted to synthesize hassium in 1978 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna. Their initial data was inconclusive, so they repeated the experiments five years later, producing Hs-270, Hs-264, and Hs-263. Element Name:  Before its official discovery, hassium was referred to as element 108, eka-osmium or unniloctium. Hassium was the subject of a naming controversy over which team should be given official credit for discovering element 108. The 1992 IUPAC/IUPAP Transfermium Working Group (TWG) recognized the GSI team, stating that their work was more detailed. Peter Armbruster and his colleagues proposed the name hassium from the Latin  Hassias  meaning Hess or Hesse, the German state, where this element was first produced. In 1994, an IUPAC committee recommended making the elements name hahnium (Hn) in honor of the German physicist Otto Hahn. This was despite the convention of allowing the discovering team the right to suggest a name. The German discoverers and the American Chemical Society (ACS) protested the name change and the IUPAC finally allowed element 108 to be officially named hassium (Hs) in 1997. Atomic Number:  108 Symbol:  Hs Atomic Weight:  [269] Group: Group 8, d-block element, transition metal Electron Configuration:  [Rn] 7s2  5f14  6d6 Appearance:  Hassium is believed to be a dense solid metal at room temperature and pressure. If enough of the element were produced, it is expected it would have a shiny, metallic appearance. Its possible hassium could be even more dense than the heaviest known element, osmium. The predicted density of hassium is  41  g/cm3. Properties: Its likely hassium reacts with oxygen in air to form a volatile tetraoxide. Following periodic law, hassium should be the heaviest element in group 8 of the periodic table. It is predicted that hassium has a high melting point, crystallizes in the hexagonal close-packed structure (hcp), and has a bulk modulus (resistance to compression) on par with diamond (442 GPa). Differences between hassium and its homologue osmium would likely be due to relativistic effects. Sources:  Hassium was first synthesized by bombarding lead-208 with iron-58 nuclei. Only 3 atoms of hassium were produced at this time. In 1968, Russian scientist Victor Cherdyntsev claimed to have discovered naturally-occurring hassium in a sample of  molybdenite, but this was not verified. To date, hassium has not been found in nature. The short half-lives of the known isotopes of hassium mean no primordial hassium could have survived to the present day. However, its still possible nuclear isomers or isotopes with longer half-lives might be found in trace quantities. Element Classification:  Hassium is a transition metal that  is expected to have properties similar to those of the platinum group of transition metals. Like the other elements in this group, hassium is expected to have oxidation states of 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2. The 8, 6, 4, and 2 states will likely be the most stable, based on the elements electron configuration. Isotopes:  12 isotopes of hassium are known, from masses  263 to 277. All of them are radioactive. The most stable isotope is  Hs-269, which has a half-life of 9.7 seconds. Hs-270 is of particular interest because it possesses magic number of nuclear stability. The atomic number 108 is a proton magic number for deformed (nonspherical) nuclei, while 162 is a neutron magic number for deformed nuclei. This doubly magic nucleus has a low decay energy compared with other hassium isotopes. More research is needed to determine whether or not Hs-270 is an isotope in the proposed island of stability. Health Effects:  While the platinum group metals tend not to be particularly toxic, hassium presents a health risk because of its significant radioactivity. Uses:  At present, hassium is only used for research. Sources Emsley, John (2011). Natures Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements (New ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 215–7. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). Transactinides and the future elements. In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer ScienceBusiness Media. ISBN 1-4020-3555-1.Names and symbols of transfermium elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1994).  Pure and Applied Chemistry  66  (12): 2419. 1994.Mà ¼nzenberg, G.; Armbruster, P.; Folger, H.; et al. (1984). The identification of element 108 (PDF). Zeitschrift fà ¼r Physik A. 317 (2): 235–236. doi:10.1007/BF01421260Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Ter-Akopian, G. M.; Pleve, A. A.; et al. (1978). ОÐ ¿Ã'‹Ã'‚Ã'‹ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ã' Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'‚Ð µÃ ·Ã'Æ' 108 Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ð ° Ð ² Ã'€Ð µÃ °Ã ºÃ'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ [Experiments on the sy nthesis of element 108 in the 226Ra48Ca reaction] (in Russian). Joint Institute for Nuclear Research.

Body defense mechanisms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Body defense mechanisms - Essay Example Innate immune system does not have any specialized cells but uses other cells to identify threats like bacteria, react to infections, and provide means of clearing the infections from the body. The system however switches on other immune systems in an antigen presentation method. This function is carried out by special white blood cells. Innate body mechanism forms a physical and chemical barrier that protects the body (Janeway, Travers, Walport, & Shlomchik, 2001). In contrast, adaptive immune system is found in vertebrates only and comprises of highly specialized cells. Also known as the acquired immune system, the system prevents growth of pathogens through the use of systemic cells. Adaptive immune system acts as a memory system, reacting to a similar infection when incited. Adaptive system is acquired through various ways like immunization. As opposed to innate system whose reaction is in the germline, adaptive system is developed throughout life through reactions to specific infections that create pathogen-specific receptors. The system acquires it name; adaptive immune system, through its ability to enable the body to react to future similar infections. Adaptive immune system is enabled by genetic mutation which occurs in all cells of the body giving it more awareness and reactionary strength to fight infections (Janeway, Travers, Walport, & Shlomchik, 2001). Primary innate body defense mechanism include; inflammation, mucous clearance, physical and chemical barriers. Inflammation involves cutting blood supply to the infected area, walling off the pathogens, and forming fibrous tissue of the area among others. Mucous clearance provides coverage of the epithelial layer of the trachea. Physical barriers like the skins functions like barriers when they are not infected. When the skin is intact, it provides one of the best barriers to infections. Nose hairs filter out particles or any other substances that the body